The Hall effect was discovered by Edwin Hall in 1879, but it was not until many years later that technological advancements enabled integrated circuits to fully utilize this phenomenon. today,Hall effect current sensorIntegrated circuits provide a convenient way to achieve accurate current measurement and maintain electrical isolation between the measurement current path and the measurement circuit.

The Hall effect is an extension of the Lorentz force, which describes the force exerted on charged particles (such as electrons) moving in a magnetic field. If the direction of the magnetic field is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the electrons, then the force acting on the electrons is perpendicular to both the direction of the magnetic field and the direction of motion.

The Hall effect refers to the Lorentz force acting on electrons passing through a conductor, causing a potential difference or voltage difference between the two sides of the conductor,

Note that the arrows in the second figure indicate the direction of traditional current, which means that electrons are moving in the opposite direction. The direction of Lorentz force is controlled by a right-hand law, which considers the direction of electron motion relative to the magnetic field. In the first figure, electrons move to the right and Lorentz force moves upward. In the second figure, electrons flow to the left and Lorentz force decreases, causing negative charges to accumulate towards the bottom edge of the conductor. The result is a potential difference between the upper and lower edges of the conductor, with the upper edge being more positive than the lower edge. This potential difference is called Hall voltage:This equation applies to current carrying plates and tells us that the Hall voltage is related to the amplitude of the current passing through the conductor (i), the magnetic field strength (b), the fundamental electron charge (e), the number of electrons per unit volume (ρ), and the plate thickness (t).

The voltage generated by the Hall effect is relatively small compared to the noise, offset, and temperature effects that typically affect circuits, so practical sensors based on the Hall effect are not common until advances in semiconductor technology allow highly integrated components to include Hall elements and additional circuits to amplify and regulate the Hall voltage. However, the ability of Hall effect sensors to measure small currents is still limited. For example, Allegro's ACS712 has a sensitivity of 185 mV/A. This means that a current of 10ma can only generate an output voltage of 1.85 mV. If the circuit has a low-noise substrate, this voltage is acceptable, but if a 2 Ω resistor is added to the current path, the resulting 20mv output voltage will be a significant improvement.The Hall effect is applicable to various typescurrent sensor Application; Devices based on the relatively simple relationship between current, magnetic field, and voltage can be used to measure position, velocity, and magnetic field strength. However, in this article, we will focus on the device for measuring current through Hall voltage, which produces Hall voltage when the magnetic field generated by the measured current is concentrated on an integrated Hall effect element.

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